Pakutanga makore 700 Sweden isati yaburitsa mapepa ekutanga eEurope muna 1661, China yakanga yatanga kudzidza kudzikisira mutoro wevanhu vakatakura mari yemhangura. Mari idzi dzinoita kuti hupenyu huome: inorema uye inoita kuti kufamba kuve nenjodzi. Gare gare, vatengesi vakafunga kuisa mari iyi kune mumwe nemumwe uye voburitsa zvitupa zvepepa zvichibva pakukosha kwemari dzacho.
Kuburitswa kwakazvimirira kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwe inflation uye kudzikisira kwemari: hurumende yakateedzerawo ikaburitsa mari yayo yemabhangi inotsigirwa nenzvimbo dzegoridhe, ichiita iyo yekutanga nyika zviri pamutemo mutero.
Mumazana emakore apfuura, nyika dzakatanga kutora iyo "chiyero chegoridhe", vachishandisa zvinhu zvakaita segoridhe nesirivheri kuita mint mari yehuremu hwakati. Uye inomiririra imwe kukosha kudzamara mari yacho yashatiswa, izvo zvinotungamira mukusimudzirwa kwemamiriri emari.
Mabhangi anoburitsa "mabhandi egoridhe", kureva kuti, mabhengi ane kukosha kwemeso kweUS $ 50 anogona kuchinjaniswa neUS $ 50 yegoridhe.
Muna 1944, chirongwa cheBretton Woods chakasarudza kuti nyika makumi mana nesere dzaipinda musangano uyu dzaizochengeta mari dzadzo dzakabayana nedhora rekuUS nekuti dhora reUS rinotsigirwa nenzvimbo dzegoridhe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dhora reUS rinogona kushandurwa kuita goridhe chero nguva.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti dhora reUS rinogona kushandurwa kuita goridhe chero nguva.
Mhedzisiro yacho yakanaka, asi iyo nguva haina kureba. Kukura kwechikwereti cheveruzhinji, kudhura kwemari, uye kukura kwakashata pachiyero chemabhadharo zvinoreva kuti dhora reUS riri pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru. Mukupindura, dzimwe nyika dzekuEurope dzakatosiya chirongwa ichi ndokuchinjana madhora ekuAmerica nendarama. Panguva iyoyo, zvivigiro zvavo zvaive nemari yakawanda kudarika goridhe.
Muna 1971, aimbova Mutungamiriri weUS Richard Nixon akavhara hwindo regoridhe akachinja mamiriro aya. Hurumende dzekunze dzakabata madhora akawandisa, uye United States inowanza kushomeka kwegoridhe. Pamwe chete nevamwe gumi nevashanu vanopa mazano, vakazivisa chirongwa chitsva chehupfumi chekudzivirira kukwira kwemitengo, kuderedza kushomeka kwemabasa, uye kushandura madhora ekuUS kuita thenda yepamutemo, iyo yainyanya kuvimba nemvumo yevashandisi vemari pane zvigadzirwa nemipimo.
Naizvozvo, tariro ndeyekuti mapato ese achagamuchira mari yako here, iyo yakavakirwa chose pakutenda.
Izvi zvakafananawo neBitcoin, iyi cryptocurrency yakamborova rekodhi yakakwira madhora 19,783.06. Chii chinopa Bitcoin kukosha? Iko kutaura kuti kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekupa uye kudiwa hakuite kunge kunovhara ese mamiriro. Iyo haina hwaro uye haina kudzorwa nechero ani.
Zvirinani, iwe unogona kuvimba nesangano repamutemo manejimendi kuchengetedza kukosha kwemari.
Bitcoin ine hunhu hwemari yepamutemo. Zvisinei, kubva pakuona kwehutongi, hapana munhu "ane" Bitcoin. Inoita senge inoshanda seyakafanana nemari yefiat, asi iyo yakasarudzika yakasarudzika ecosystem inoita kuti economists uye zvemari nyanzvi vafunge: ndiani anoisa mutengo wazvo?

Zvamunoona zviri mashanu emamirioni emitsetse yekodhi muBitcoin. Bitcoin pakutanga yaive zviuru zvishoma chete zvemitsetse yekodhi, yakagadzirwa naSatoshi Nakamoto muna2008 uye yakaburitswa kutanga kwa2009. Mubepa rakachena rinozivikanwa "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Elektroniki Cash Sisitimu), iyo pfungwa yeBitcoin yakajekeswa.
Pfungwa yake yepakutanga yaive yekugadzira fomu yemari isingade kupfuura mumasangano emari nekuti yakavharidzirwa.
Iyo hombe yekuvandudza ndeyekushandisa kwe blockchain tekinoroji. Bhokisi rega rega rinomiririra transaction mu Bitcoin network-iyo yakawanda mabhuroko, iyo yakareba iyo transaction ichagara. Naizvozvo, yakaumba "cheni", saka zita rayo.
Kuti vagadzire chivhariso, vanochera mugodhi vanofanirwa kushandisa epakutanga magetsi ekugadzirisa magetsi uye huwandu hwakawanda hwemagetsi kuratidza kuvepo kweX kukosha uye Y nguva yekushambadzira pakati paA naB. Kana zvasimbiswa, bhurocha rinowoneka uye kutengeserana kunopfuura . Vashandi vemumigodhi vakagamuchira Bitcoin semubairo.
Nekudaro, mari iyi yedhijitari haina kukosha kwemukati - haigone kushandiswa sechinhu. Vanhu vasina chokwadi neBitcoin vanowanzoreva kuti kuti Bitcoin irarame, inofanira kutanga yatambirwa uye ishandiswe kune zvimwe zvinhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nekufamba kwenguva, inova mari. Semuenzaniso, nekuti goridhe rinoshandiswa muzvishongo uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, vanhu vanounganidza goridhe kuchengetedza kukosha kwayo.
Mubasa rinosvika kure rakaitwa nenyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeAustria, Carl Menger, akatanga kurondedzera mari se "chokwadi chekuti zvimwe zvinhu zvave kushandiswa mukutsinhana." Pachishandiswa Menger, Ludwig von Mises, zvakare nyanzvi mune zveupfumi, anoronga mari yezvinhu semari iyo "inotengeswawo." Mutemo wepamutemo mari inoumbwa ne "zvinhu zvine hunhu hwepamutemo hwepamutemo".
"… Mari yezita maringe nemari, kusanganisira zvinhu zvine hunyanzvi hwepamutemo…" -Ludwig von Mises Dzidziso yeMari neChikwereti
Pfungwa yekukosha kwemukati yakadzika midzi muvanhu, uye kunyange Aristotle akambonyora nezvekuti sei mari ichida kukosha kwayo. Mukukosha, zvisinei kuti ndeye marii, kukosha kwayo kunofanira kubva mukubatsira kwayo. Sezvo nhoroondo inoratidza kuti hapana chinoda kukosha kwezvinhu kuva mari, nharo yaAristotle haigoneke.
Mune zvimwe zvikamu zve Africa neNorth America, magirazi mabhesi anoshandiswa semari, kunyangwe zvave kuratidza kuti hazvishandisike sechinhu. Vanhu veYap vari muPacific vanoshandisa limestone semari.
Vanhu vasina chokwadi neBitcoin vanowanzoshandisa zvemukati kukosha kukakavara kushora kushanda kweBitcoin. Zvinosuruvarisa, Bitcoin ihwohwo hupenyu hwedhijitari, saka hwakasununguka kubva pazvisungo zvepanyika chaipo. Izvo hazvidi kuve nehunhu hwemukati senge goridhe, kana zvakare haidi kupihwa kodzero dzakasarudzika nevamwe kuti zviite zviri pamutemo nyoro. Kunyangwe izvi zvingaite senge tsananguro -Bitcoin chinhu chitsva chisiri pasi pemitemo yedu yevanhu - asi hachina chirevo chizere.
Funga nezvazvo nenzira iyi: Bitcoin uye Fiat mari akasiyana masystem ecosystem.
Fiat mari ndeyenyika yepanyama, izvo zvinounza zvimwe zvinorambidzwa zvemari. Simba nderevaya vanodzora mari, uye iyo yepakati bhangi inogona kugara ichidhinda imwe mari kukurudzira inflation uye kutenderera. Nekudaro, hapana munhu anogona kukuudza chaizvo mangani madhora anobatika ari kuyerera pasirese.
Kugoverwa kwegoridhe kushoma, asi kunozokanganiswa ne inflation. Kana mumwe munhu akawana huwandu hwakawanda hwegoridhe kunze kwekuwaniswa kwazvino, muridzi anogona kunyungudika zvachose. Kugadziridza mune zvigadzirwa sainzi kunogona zvakare kudzikisa kudiwa kwekushandisa goridhe mune zvemagetsi uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi.
Iyo dhijitari hunhu hweBitcoin inoda hwaro hutsva hwedzidziso. Nyanzvi mune zvehupfumi vagara vachiziva kusakwana kwezvakakosha simbi uye fiat mari. Naizvozvo, kuunzwa kweBitcoin kwakazvara mirau mitsva yemitemo, iyo vanhu vazhinji vanodana kuti "iyo upstart yemari ecosystem".
Dambudziko nderekuti, sekutaurwa kwawakaitwa nevashandisi veBitcoin, mari zviri pamutemo uye ecosystem ecosystems hazvigone kunyatsovapo. Sezvo pasina kukosha kwemukati sechiridzwa chemari, chigadzirwa chekudyara kana kuchengetedzeka, kubheja kukuru kuita Bitcoin mari yepasirese.
Nhasi, pasi rose mari (M1) iri 7.6 trillion US madhora. Kana iwe ukawedzera cheki dhipoziti, mabhii epfupi-nguva, madhipoziti enguva uye zvimwe zviridzwa zvemari, inosvika inoshamisa $ 90 trillion. Kuti ive mari yepasirese, Bitcoin inoda kuve neinokosha kukosha kwemari yepasirese-asi izvi hazvisizvo, nekuti kukosha kwemusika weBitcoin kungori $ 130 bhiriyoni panguva yekunyora.
Nekudaro, chikwereti chakakura chiri kukura uye chikwereti chekune dzimwe nyika chingakurudzira vatengesi kuti vatange kutsvaga reji yekumisikidza chishandiso chiri nyore kuwana uye chinotsiviwa kupfuura goridhe. Izvi zvinogona kusimudzira kukosha kweBitcoin nekuti ine kukosha kwechitoro basa. Kuti varwise inflation, vanhu vazhinji vanogutsikana nekubata madhora, euros kana yen mumapotifolios avo-maArgentina nemaVenezuela vanoita izvi, vanobata madhora akatsiga.
Izvi zvinogona kuunza kukosha kwazviri kwazviri: Bitcoin inogona kushandiswa sechitoro chakakosha.
Tinozviona sechinhu chakakosha. Kana zvirizvo, saka Bitcoin inonyanya kuve anti-inflationary mari. Kuti usimbise kukura kwenetiweki, pese panogadzirwa bhuroka idzva mu blockchain, makumi mashanu ebitcoins nyowani anogadzirwa. Mushure mematanho ese mazana maviri negumi nemakumi maviri, mubairo unozopetwa nepakati (izvozvi unopa mibairo gumi nembiri pahafu, uye uchadzipiswa kusvika pa6.25 musi waMay 14, 2020). Yakasangana nekushomeka kweinowanikwa uye chivharo chekupa chemamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri eBitcoins, hazvishamise kuti vanhu nemasangano emari vanogona kubata Bitcoin semari yakaoma (inozivikanwa seyakachengeteka-mari yemari).
Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutemo wemari yemukati uri kutyaira simba reBitcoin rekutenga - asi chii chinogadza mutengo wayo?
Kana iwe ukatarisa pachikoro chechinyakare chehupfumi, uchaona kuti mutengo weBitcoin unotsanangurwa nemutengo wayo wekugadzira. Izvi zvinoreva Hardware nemagetsi. Sezvo Bitcoin iri kuramba ichitambura nekushomeka, huwandu hwevashandi vemumigodhi hunodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwemitero yakakwira yekuchera. Zvakangodaro, kuchine vamwe vacheri vanoda kutengesa bitcoin nekurasikirwa, izvo zvinogona kuratidza kuti mumwe munhu ari kuvhara kukwira kwe bitcoin mune ramangwana: mutengo hautsamiri zvachose pamutengo wekugadzira, kunyange chiri chinhu.
Neoclassical chikoro chehupfumi chakawedzera pane iyi dzidziso uye chakawedzera chimwe chinangwa chinhu: kugovera uye kudiwa. Sezvo kugoverwa kwe bitcoin kwakatemerwa, huwandu hwema bitcoins akacherwa achadererawo nekufamba kwenguva, saka kudiwa kwemamwe ma bitcoins kunogona kukwira. Zvimwe kudiwa zvakaenzana nemitengo yepamusoro.
Kuvimba chete pazvinangwa zvinhu zvinoita kunge kusingakwanise kupenda mufananidzo wese. Kana mari yekugadzira iri iyo chikonzero chikuru, saka kukosha kweBitcoin kunofanirwa kuve padyo neUS yakazara mari yekupa (M3).
Kunyangwe izvi, vacheri vachirasikirwa, kunyangwe paine mutengo wakakwira wekuchera Bitcoin.
Kana iyo bhalansi yekudiwa uye yekupa yakakosha, saka yakajeka yeBitcoin, yakaongororwa sosi yekupa inofanirwa kuona yakatsiga kudiwa. Nekudaro, Bitcoin ichiri kutarisana nekunyanyisa kusagadzikana uye inogona kupunzika uye kusimuka pazuva rimwe chete.
Kupinda chikoro cheAustria chehupfumi, Vatsigiri veBitcoin vakaita sechikoro ichi zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzeAustria dzinotenda kuti mutengo wechinhu chero chipi chakatarwa neakazvimiririra zvinhu, kunyangwe kusanganisira mitengo yekugadzira. Kugovera uye kudiwa kunoenderana nezvido zvevanhu. Naizvozvo, inogona kutsanangura kukosha kweBitcoin-inoonekwa kukosha uye zvinhu zvekuzviisa pasi zvinogona kuve zvakakosha zvikamu.
Izvo zvinoonekwa kuti hapana tsananguro yakajeka yekuti nei cryptocurrency (kana kunyangwe mari) yakakosha. Mune ino kesi, mutengo weBitcoin unoratidzika kunge uchityairwa nemhando dzezvehupfumi, musika manzwiro uye zvemukati zvemari mutemo.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe hazvo dzidziso yehupfumi ichibvumirwa nevanhu, cryptocurrency icharamba ichiunza shanduko yezvemari. Kana ikashanduka ikaita imwe nzira yemari yepasirese, iyo ecosystem yemari yepasi rose ichapidigurwa (ingave yakanaka kana yakaipa, isu hatizive).
Pakupedzisira, Bitcoin ndiyo yekumisikidza pad yekuyedza kwemari. Kubva 2016 kusvika 2017, blockchain tekinoroji yakatungamira kubudirira kwe cryptocurrency uye yakaunza nyika nyowani ye blockchain hunyanzvi. Nhasi, isu tinoshandisa iyo pfungwa yemidziyo hoko uye kuchengetera mabhangi kudzidza yakagadzikana cryptocurrencies iyo inogona kuchengetedza mutengo wedhora rimwe chete.
Panzvimbo pekubata Bitcoin semari, zvirinani kuitisa senzira yekubhadhara.
Naizvozvo, iyo chaiyo kukosha kweBitcoin iri mune yayo network. Kuwanda kwevanhu vanobatanidzwa, kuri nani. Chaizvoizvo, izvi zvinoreva kuti kukosha kweBitcoin zvinoenderana nekuti ndiyani muridzi wayo. Mazuva ano, nekuzivikanwa kweBitcoin (kwete kwekushandiswa kwemazuva ese, asi kwekudyara nekutengesa), vanhu vazhinji uye vazhinji vanoda kuziva hunyanzvi uhu hutsva. Izvi zvinoreva kugoverwa kwakawanda.
Nekudaro, kuitira kuti Bitcoin inyatso shanda sezvaitarisirwa, inoda kubvisa vanochera migodhi uye madziva emigodhi nekuchinjira kuchiratidzo-chedanda (PoS) system. Bitcoin's proof-of-work system inoita mashandisirwo anodhura zvakanyanya-vanochera vanoshandisa mamirioni emadhora kuti vaone kutengesa kweBitcoin pamambure nemagetsi uye mbishi yekugadzirisa magetsi. NePoS system, Bitcoin ichakosheswa nekuda kwenetiweki yayo. Vazhinji vane chekuita vanosiya chikamu chavo chekubvumidza iyo network kuti ikure, nokudaro ichiwedzera yavo inobata zvakaenzana.
Zvinonzwika sezviri nyore, asi mazhinji ma bitcoins nhasi anocherwa nevashandi vemuChinese. Kana ichigona kutsiva (semuenzaniso) iyo US yakafara mari inopa, saka nei hurumende yeUS ichitora mari yepasirese inodzorwa nevanopikisa vane masimba makuru?
Kana masimba makuru asingadi, nei makongiresi madiki achitevera? Chinangwa chemari chepasirese chingaite senge chiroto chepombi, asi pakupedzisira, kunyangwe Bitcoin ichikwanisa kushanda zvinoenderana nekuti unoinzwa kubva kupi, senge painowana kukosha kwayo.